What effects do you think science has had on our society.
Think about one and share it in class.
For example, artificial life spams through a computer that simulates a heart in open-heart surgeries.
Science Effects on Society
Science has profoundly shaped the fabric of society, influencing nearly every aspect of human existence. For that reason, the impact of scientific advancements on our daily lives cannot be overstated. From healthcare and communication to transportation and entertainment, science has revolutionised the way we live, work, and interact with one another.
Owing to the relentless pursuit of knowledge and innovation, scientific breakthroughs have brought about transformative changes across the globe. In consequence, life expectancy has increased, infectious diseases have been eradicated, and quality of life has improved for millions of people worldwide. On account of such advancements, societies have witnessed unprecedented progress in the realms of medicine, agriculture, and technology.
Moreover, science has fostered interconnectedness and globalization on a scale never before imagined. Through advancements in telecommunications and transportation, the world has become more interconnected than ever, facilitating the exchange of ideas, goods, and cultures across borders. Consequently, societies have become more diverse, vibrant, and interconnected, enriching the global tapestry of human experience.
In view of the fact that scientific knowledge is readily accessible and disseminated through various channels, including the internet and mass media, people have become more informed and empowered to make informed decisions about their lives and the world around them. This democratization of knowledge has democratized access to information, enabling individuals to critically engage with scientific concepts and participate in societal discourse.
However, it is essential to recognize that science's influence is not always uniformly positive. As technologies advance, ethical dilemmas and societal challenges emerge. Issues such as privacy concerns, environmental degradation, and disparities in access to resources necessitate careful consideration and thoughtful solutions. Otherwise, the unintended consequences of scientific progress may exacerbate existing inequalities and injustices within society.
Nonetheless, the benefits of scientific inquiry and innovation far outweigh the drawbacks. By harnessing the power of science for the greater good, societies can address pressing challenges, promote sustainable development, and build a more equitable and prosperous future for all. In this way, science continues to serve as a catalyst for progress and a driving force for positive change in the world.
Common Structures for Result Links or Linking Words of Cause and Effect
1.- As / Since / Because
You arrived late as you couldn’t take a cab.
You arrived late since you couldn’t take a cab.
You arrived late because you couldn’t take a cab.
Result in a full clause + as/since/because + Cause in a full clause
As you couldn’t take a cab, you arrived late.
Since you couldn’t take a cab, you arrived late.
Because you couldn’t take a cab, you arrived late.
As/Since/Because + Cause in a full clause, Result in a full clause
2.- Because of / On account of / Due to / Owing to
You arrived late because of the traffic.
Your bill is fully paid on account of your coupons.
You arrived late due to the traffic.
You arrived late owing to the traffic.
Result in a full clause + because of / on account of/due to / owing
to + Cause in a noun clause
Because of the traffic, you arrived late.
On account of the traffic, you arrived late.
Due to the traffic, you arrived late.
Owing to the traffic, you arrived late.
Because of / On account of / Due to / Owing to + Cause in a noun clause, result
in a full clause
3.- Resulted in
Your meeting resulted in a big party.
Cause in a noun clause+ Resulted in + Result in a noun clause
Your new position resulted in having to work more.
Cause in a noun clause + Resulted in + Result clause in an -ing verb clause
4.- Due to the fact / Owing to the fact
You didn’t attend the last class due to the fact you didn’t have an
internet connection.
You didn’t attend the last class owing to the fact you didn’t have an internet
connection.
Result in full clause + due to the fact (that) / owing to the fact (that)
+ Cause in full clause
Due to the fact you didn’t have an internet connection, you didn’t attend
the last class.
Owing to the fact you didn’t have an internet connection, you didn’t
attend the last class.
Due to the fact (that) / Owing to the fact (that) + Cause in a full
clause, Result in a full clause
6.- As a result of
You missed the train as a result of having arrived late.
You paid more as a result of the price increase.
Result in a full clause + As a result of + Cause in a verb clause in an
-ing verb clause / a noun clause
As a result of having arrived late, you missed the train.
As a result of the price increase, you paid more.
As a result of + Cause in an -ing verb clause or a noun clause, Result in a full
clause
7.- Consequently / Otherwise
I won’t be in Cancun next week. Consequently, we won’t be able to get
together next Monday.
You have to sign these documents. Otherwise, you will lose your job.
Cause in a full clause. + Consequently / Otherwise, + Result in a full
clause
8.- Or else
You have to sign these documents or else you will lose your job.
Cause in a full clause + or else + Result in a full clause
9.- So
These are your final project guidelines, so you must start working on them.
Cause in a full clause, so + result in a full clause
Collaborative Book Exercise 1 on page 78
Individual Online Exercise about Result Links
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/linking-words-reason-exercise-2.html
Collaborative Book Exercise on page 78
How to write a report.
Cambridge C1 Advanced (CAE): How to Write a Report
A report may be written for a superior (e.g. a boss or college principal) or a peer group (e.g. club members or colleagues). The content of a report is to some extent factual and draws on the prompt material, but there will be scope for candidates to make use of their own ideas and experience. Candidates will be asked to do more than describe a situation; they may be asked to evaluate to what extent a particular aim has been achieved or to suggest an alternative course of action.
from: Cambridge English Advanced Handbook for TeachersWhat a typical report task looks like
When you see a task and you get ready to analyse it, always remember to look for these specific points:
- What are you going to write about? (topic)
- What exactly do you have to include in your report?
- Who is going to read your report?
You should read the task very carefully and underline keywords that give you the answers to the questions above. Here is what this could look like:
You can see the coloured parts that give you the answer to our three crucial questions. First of all, the topic of your report is your new job (red). Obviously, knowing what you are going to write about is the most important thing.
Secondly, we need to analyse what exactly we have to write about and the main points we have to include in our report. In this example, there are three main points (blue):
- Explain what you have achieved so far.
- Describe your problems in this job.
- Suggest future training.
There are always three main topic points for you to deal with in a report so you can make a mental note of this.
Last but not least, we need to find out who is going to read your report (green). Here, you are writing to your manager who is a superior. You might ask yourself why this is important, but this tells you what the most appropriate register (formal, neutral, informal) to use is.
In our case, we should use formal English as we are basically writing to our boss. In formal English, you shouldn’t use any contractions (I’m –> I am), colloquial expressions or informal phrasal verbs and idioms. Please keep in mind that your use of register is part of your marks so be careful with it and make sure to do it the right way.
How to organise your report
Once you’ve figured out what the topic of your report is, what exactly you have to include and what the most appropriate register and tone is, it is time to think about how to organise your report. Just like in the previous section you can structure every report in the same way. Of course, there is always room for interpretation, but what I’m going to tell you in this article has helped many students get the marks they want, so give me a chance. 
I hope you remember that there are three main topic points that need to be included in our report.
- Explain what you have achieved so far.
- Describe your problems in this job.
- Suggest future training.
Each of these topic points deserves its own paragraph which gets us to three paragraphs so far. You should also include a title and an introduction to state the purpose of your report as well as a final paragraph to conclude the report and make recommendations based on the main points. All in all, that leaves us with five paragraphs:
- Title/Introduction
- Explain what you have achieved so far.
- Describe your problems in this job.
- Suggest future training.
- Conclusion/Recommendations
The different parts of a report
Looking back at our example exam task from earlier, we are now going to have a look at the different parts of a C1 Advanced report. I’m going to show you how to write good introductions, topic paragraphs and conclusions in order for you to see where you can collect more marks than most other candidates.
Title/Introduction
A report is a factual piece of writing meaning it doesn’t have to sound very sensational, but it should be clearly structured and rather descriptive and evaluating.
It is very important that your introduction makes it clear what the purpose of the report is and what you are going to write about. Try not to simply copy the wording from the task, but instead paraphrase and use your own words to show the examiner that you fully understand what is expected from you.
A possible example introduction might look something like this:
Six-month progress report
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to eveluate the progress following the first half year in my current position as an English Teacher as well as to make suggestions for professional development measures in the coming months and years.
You see that I haven’t done anything revolutionary. Choose a simple title and sub-heading and just be clear about what you are trying to achieve with your report and you’re ready to move to the next part.
Topic paragraphs
In a report, the topic paragraphs are the parts with the most content. Here, you work on the main points in the task. Again, you don’t need to make it sound sensational as you are not trying to write a story or review, but you are describing and evaluating your job situation.
Similarly to the introduction, you want to use headings for each of these three paragraphs in order to make it easier for the reader to follow and to better understand your report.
Achievements
Throughout the first six months of my employment here at XYZ School I have made important strides in my professional development by incorporating several new methods such as the task-based approach in my daily teaching practice, which has improved my students’ experience tremendously. Apart from my personal progress, numerous students have achieved their goals and advanced to higher education providers under my guidance.
Problems
Despite all of this I am still struggling with the organisation of our internal exams as there does not seem to exist a policy and students have expressed their displeasure with other groups at the same level receiving easier or more difficult questions in their tests. Additionally, my mentor has not always been available even though a certain level of guidance in specific areas, for example developing my own teaching materials, is still required.
Future training opportunities
Considering all of the above, two main areas of possible improvements can be identified. Firstly, student and teacher satisfaction could be increased by establishing a resource bank for tests and exams and by training all the teachers to use them so as to ensure a consistent experience for our students. Secondly, regular meetings with a mentor should be mandatory in order to provide guidance and to help teachers become independent and confident with teaching materials.
Looking at my topic paragraphs, you can see that I use formal language throughout, some passive structures (e.g. “a certain level of guidance … is still required”, “possible improvements can be identified”) to make the report a little bit more impersonal (even though this task is about my personal experience at work) and I only focus on the task without including anything that is unnecessary.
Conclusion/Recommendation
Last but not least, we need one last short paragraph to wrap up our report. What you write in your conclusion depends on the things you mentioned in the main section and the exact requirements in the task. Most of the time, you have to make a recommendation so it is important to use some persuasive language (after all, you want the person who reads your report to do follow your recommendation).
In our specific example, we have already made some recommendations in the previous section so we can simply reinforce what we said there and try to persuade the manager of the language school.
Let’s see what this could look like in practice:
Conclusion
If it is decided to follow my recommendations, the situation of the teachers and students at our school is very likely to improve and overall satisfaction will probably increase due to more efficient work processes so I urge you to consider these ideas.
Source https://teacherphill.com/cae-how-to-write-a-report/
Useful phrases to start the introduction and the recommendation paragraph
1.- Some good phrases to start your report include the following:
- The aim/goal/purpose of this report is to …
- This report is intended to show/evaluate/analyse/discuss …
- In this report, it will be discussed/analysed…
2.- Some nice expressions for the recommendation are the following:
- I would recommend/suggest (that) …
- The following (improvements) are recommended: …
- The best ideas/solutions seem to be …
- It would be (highly) advisable to …
- If it is decided to follow my recommendations, …
- Based on the findings of this report, I recommend/suggest + -ing
- I (strongly) urge you to …
Source: https://teacherphill.com/cae-how-to-write-a-report/
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