Some facts about Howard Gardner
The relative clauses are the ones that are connected
through a relative pronoun or adverb because they share a common piece of
information instead of having written two separate sentences,
For example: Howard Gardner is a person. I admire Howard Gardner.
Howard Gardner is someone who I admire.
In both of the previous sentences, the common piece of
information is Howard Gardner, who is a person. By the way, when combining those
statements as relative clauses, it can be said 'Howard Gardner is a person who
I admire.' or 'Howard Gardner is a person that I admire.'
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Relative pronouns |
Relative adverbs |
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Who Which That |
Whom Whose |
Where When Why |
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Types
of Relatives clauses |
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1.- Defining clauses
The defining clauses
are the ones that provide essential information, for example, 'Howard Gardner is a
well-known educationist who is from the United States.'
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2.- Non-defining
clauses
The non-defining
clauses are the ones that provide non-essential information placed between
commas and that information can be omitted, for example, 'Howard Gardner, who is a well-known educationist, is a lecturer in an American university.'
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Defining relative
pronouns
Who: You are the
people who I need in this class.
Which: My laptop is
something which can’t miss me.
That: My laptop is
something that can’t miss me. You are
the people that I need in this class.
On the other hand, 'that' can be omitted, for example, 'My laptop is something can’t miss me.' or 'You are the people I need in this class.'
Whom: That´s the
lady for whom I work. That’s the lady who I work for. He’s
the man to whom I need to send an email. He’s
the man who I need to send the email to.
Whose: These are the
researchers whose works have shown updated data.
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Non-defining relative
pronouns
Who: Madonna, who is
a famous singer, gave a concert in Mexico city some years ago. Which: My house,
which is big, needs some reparations. Whose: Leonardo Da
Vinci, whose painting 'Mona Lisa' is exhibited in the Louvre Museum, was
born in Italy in 1452. |
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Defining Relative Adverbs
When: I’ll get
something to eat when the class finishes. Where: Cancun is the
city where I live. Why: To know you is
why I came here. |
Non-defining relative
adverbs
Where: City Park,
where we used to go, has been closed down. When: December, when
Christmas is celebrated, is a summer month in the southern hemisphere.
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Functions
of each of the different relative pronouns and adverbs |
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Relative pronouns |
Relative adverbs |
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Who; to talk about
people and sometimes pet animals. Which: to talk about
animals or things That: It can be used
instead of who or which to talk about people, animals or things only in
defining clauses. Whom: to talk about
people as action-effect receivers in formal contexts or when using old
English Whose: to talk about
possessions Relative pronouns allude to the subject in at least the first clause. |
When: to talk about
time or dates Where: To talk about
places Why: To talk about
reasons
The relative adverbs
allude to complement.
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Sources:
Collaborative exercise 2 on page 66.
Relative clauses online exercises
At, in and on as prepositions of time, location and place
What I liked most in Geneva
Geneva is a city in which I’ve always dreamt to be. It is located on the banks of the rivers Rhône and Arve in Switzerland.
When I was there in 2018, I remember having taken a cruise in the Rhône from one the docks at eight in the evening to see the statue of ‘The Little Mermaid’ in the Leman lake, which was astonishing to be seen at the sunset as the night falls down at nine pm in summer. After, that I went back to my hotel at 2 James Fazy Boulevard to have supper in its dining room and go to bed in my room on the third floor.
Collaborative online review exercise about 'in', 'on' and 'at'
https://wordwall.net/resource/55458480
Individual online exercise about 'which' vs 'when' and 'where'
https://www.topworksheets.com/custom/789cc1f1-3e1d-4dca-8489-b059d4f4b67c
'In which' versus 'where' and 'when'
Cancun is the city where I live.
Cancun is the city in which I live.
Spring break is the season when many young Americans arrive in Cancun.
Spring break is the season in which many young Americans arrive in Cancun.
What statements do you think sound more formal - the ones with 'in which' or the ones with 'where' and 'when'?
As
you can probably guess, 'in which' is more formal than 'where' and 'when.'
Collaborative online exercise about prepostion + which or whom on Wordwall
https://wordwall.net/resource/55416780
Prepositions + Relative pronouns vs Relative adverbs
Preposition + relative
pronoun
A wide range of
prepositions are often used in prepositional structures with relative
pronouns who and which to introduce relative
clauses. In most cases, the prepositions retain their original meaning. Compare
the following:
- That post marks the beginning of the mined area, beyond
which it is inadvisable to go.
- In the clearing lay the badly injured soldier, above
whom birds of prey were circling.
- We passed a giant toadstool in the forest, under
which fairies were sitting.
- They had collected the sap from the sugar maple
trees, from which maple syrup is manufactured.
- Before us we could see a forest orchid of which there
are many varieties.
An Austrian naturalist, with whom I worked
closely in the Eighties, discovered this particular orchid
where / in which / at
which / on which
In which, on which, and at which are
sometimes used as more precise sounding alternatives to where to introduce
relative clauses after nouns referring to place:
- Near where I live there's a wood where you can find woodpeckers.
- Near where I live there's a wood in which you can
find woodpeckers.
- The fancy-dress party, where the men all turned up
as gangsters, was held in Manhatten.
- The fancy-dress party, at which the men all turned
up as gangsters, was held in Manhatten.
- The table where you left your laptop is over
there.
- The table on which you left your laptop is over
there.
when / on which / in which
/ at which
On which, in which, and at which are
sometimes used as a more precise sounding alternative to when to
introduce relative clauses after nouns referring to time:
- The day when I'm forced to give up
riding will be a sad day for me.
- The day on which I'm forced to give up
riding will be a sad day for me.
- The month when we celebrate the Mexican Independence
Day is September.
- The month in which we celebrate the Mexican Independence
Day is September.
- The time when the train leaves is at 9pm.
- The time at which the train leaves is 9pm.
Position of
prepositions
Note that in questions the preposition is more frequently placed at the end of
the clause. It can also be placed before the relative pronoun
where it sounds more formal:
- In which street
does he live? (Formal)
- Which street
does he live in? (Informal)
- He lives in the street in which the
houses are surrounded by high fences (Formal)
- He lives in the street where all the
houses are surrounded by high fences. (Informal)
- For which organisation
does he work? (Formal)
- Which organisation
does he work for? (Informal)
- He works for a spy network, about which I
know nothing. (Formal)
- He works for a spy network (which) I know
nothing about. (Informal)
Note from examples
above and below that putting the preposition at the end of the
clause is usually also possible in statements:
- The people with whom he worked have
all been arrested. (Formal)
- The people (who) he worked with have
all been arrested. (Informal)
- This is the bedroom in which he was
murdered. (Formal)
- This is the bedroom (that/which) he was
murdered in. (Informal)
Note
from these examples, that in statements when the preposition is placed at
the end of the clause, we can use that instead
of who or which or we can omit the
relative pronoun completely!
Source: WOODHAM, Roger (W/D) Preposition + Relative Pronoun
in Learning English on BBC World Service on https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv286.shtml
(Obtained on the 8th of April 2022)
MILLS, Bonnie (2021) ‘In which’ versus ‘where’ on Quick and
Dirty Tips on https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/where-versus-in-which
(Obtained on the 8th of April 2022 at 11:30h)
Collaborative online exercise about relative clauses with preposition + relative pronoun on https://wordwall.net/resource/31776102
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