9.6.- Writing: Result links and how to write a report

 

What effects do you think science has had on our society?

Think about one and share it in class.

For example, artificial life spams through a computer that simulates a heart in open-heart surgeries.

Science Effects on Society

Science has profoundly shaped the fabric of society, influencing nearly every aspect of human existence. For that reason, the impact of scientific advancements on our daily lives cannot be overstated. From healthcare and communication to transportation and entertainment, science has revolutionised the way we live, work, and interact with one another.

Owing to the relentless pursuit of knowledge and innovation, scientific breakthroughs have brought about transformative changes across the globe. In consequence, life expectancy has increased, infectious diseases have been eradicated, and quality of life has improved for millions of people worldwide. On account of such advancements, societies have witnessed unprecedented progress in the realms of medicine, agriculture, and technology.

Moreover, science has fostered interconnectedness and globalization on a scale never before imagined. Through advancements in telecommunications and transportation, the world has become more interconnected than ever, facilitating the exchange of ideas, goods, and cultures across borders. Consequently, societies have become more diverse, vibrant, and interconnected, enriching the global tapestry of human experience.

In view of the fact that scientific knowledge is readily accessible and disseminated through various channels, including the internet and mass media, people have become more informed and empowered to make informed decisions about their lives and the world around them. This democratization of knowledge has democratized access to information, enabling individuals to critically engage with scientific concepts and participate in societal discourse.

However, it is essential to recognize that science's influence is not always uniformly positive. As technologies advance, ethical dilemmas and societal challenges emerge. Issues such as privacy concerns, environmental degradation, and disparities in access to resources necessitate careful consideration and thoughtful solutions. Otherwise, the unintended consequences of scientific progress may exacerbate existing inequalities and injustices within society.

Nonetheless, the benefits of scientific inquiry and innovation far outweigh the drawbacks. By harnessing the power of science for the greater good, societies can address pressing challenges, promote sustainable development, and build a more equitable and prosperous future for all. In this way, science continues to serve as a catalyst for progress and a driving force for positive change in the world.

 

Common Structures for Result Links or Linking Words of Cause and Effect

1.- As / Since / Because

You arrived late as you couldn’t take a cab.

You arrived late since you couldn’t take a cab.

You arrived late because you couldn’t take a cab.

Result in a full clause + as/since/because + Cause in a full clause

 

As you couldn’t take a cab, you arrived late.

Since you couldn’t take a cab, you arrived late.

Because you couldn’t take a cab, you arrived late.

As/Since/Because + Cause in a full clause, Result in a full clause 

 

 

2.- Because of / On account of / Due to / Owing to

You arrived late because of the traffic.

Your bill is fully paid on account of your coupons.

You arrived late due to the traffic.

You arrived late owing to the traffic.

Result  in a full clause + because of / on account of/due to / owing to + Cause in a noun clause

 

Because of the traffic, you arrived late.

On account of the traffic, you arrived late.

Due to the traffic, you arrived late.

Owing to the traffic, you arrived late.

Because of / On account of / Due to / Owing to + Cause in a noun clause, result in a full clause

 

3.- Resulted in

Your meeting resulted in a big party.

Cause in a noun clause+ Resulted in + Result in a noun clause

 

Your new position resulted in having to work more.

Cause in a noun clause + Resulted in + Result clause in  an -ing verb clause

 

4.- Due to the fact / Owing to the fact

You didn’t attend the last class due to the fact you didn’t have an internet connection.

You didn’t attend the last class owing to the fact you didn’t have an internet connection.

 

Result in full clause + due to the fact (that) / owing to the fact (that) + Cause in full clause

 

Due to the fact you didn’t have an internet connection, you didn’t attend the last class.

Owing to the fact you didn’t have an internet connection, you didn’t attend the last class.

 Due to the fact (that) / Owing to the fact (that) + Cause in a full clause, Result in a full clause

 

6.- As a result of

You missed the train as a result of having arrived late.

You paid more as a result of the price increase.

Result in a full clause + As a result of + Cause in a verb clause in an -ing verb clause / a noun clause

 

As a result of having arrived late, you missed the train.

As a result of the price increase, you paid more.

As a result of + Cause in an -ing verb clause or a noun clause, Result in a full clause

 

7.- Consequently / Otherwise

I won’t be in Cancun next week. Consequently, we won’t be able to get together next Monday.

You have to sign these documents. Otherwise, you will lose your job.

Cause in a full clause. + Consequently / Otherwise, + Result in a full clause

 

8.- Or else

You have to sign these documents or else you will lose your job.

Cause in a full clause + or else + Result in a full clause

 

9.- So 

These are your final project guidelines, so you must start working on them.

Cause in a full clause, so + result in a full clause

Collaborative Book Exercise 1 on page 78

Individual Online Exercise about Result Links

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/linking-words-reason-exercise-2.html

Collaborative Book Exercise on page 78

Cambridge C1 Advanced (CAE): How to Write a Report

What is a CAE report?

A CAE report is a document based on a written assignment in the Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE) exam in the writing section part 2 that evaluates a situation and makes recommendation.

Report Structure

1.- Title

2.- Introduction

3.- Three body paragraphs

4.- Conclusion

Report writing features:

1.- Neutral or formal language register

2.- The introduction emphasises the purpose of the document.

3.- The body is for developing the given points in the exam task.

4.- The conclusion must be focused on giving at least a recommendation with its justification.

5.- Word range: 220-260 words

6.- Subtitles are required for each section.

Source https://teacherphill.com/cae-how-to-write-a-report/ 

Useful phrases to start the introduction and the recommendation paragraph 

1.- Some good phrases to start your report include the following:

• The aim/goal/purpose of this report is to …
• This report is intended to show/evaluate/analyse/discuss …
• In this report, it will be discussed/analysed…

2.- Some nice expressions for the recommendation are the following:

• I would recommend/suggest (that) …
• The following (improvements) are recommended: …
• The best ideas/solutions seem to be …
• It would be (highly) advisable to …
• If it is decided to follow my recommendations, …
• Based on the findings of this report, I recommend/suggest + -ing
• I (strongly) urge you to …

Writing Assessment Criteria

Source: https://teacherphill.com/cae-how-to-write-a-report/ 

9.5.- Speaking: Speculating and test part 2

What might passengers talk about among themselves?

For example, 'They might talk about the queue.'

Book Exercise 1 on page 77

Sample Sentence:

They must have been standing there for hours.

Modal Continuous Forms

1.- Present Modal Continuous

1.1.- The young girls must be thinking about their spring dance.

1.2.- The audience will be sneering at his corny jokes.

1.3.- The child may be imbibing his parents’ habits.

1.4.- He shall be demonstrating proper first aid for sprains.

1.5.- Her eyes can be stinging from the smoke.

 

Present modal  + be + -ing

 

Use present modal continuous when speculating or deducing if an action is being done or being planned to take an action in the future.

 

2.- Past Modal Continuous

 

2.1.- I could be living in Vietnam then. I can’t remember now.

2.2.- We should be keeping an eye on his progress at school.

2.3.- She would be regretting this decision.

2.4.- His flashy personality might be ruining his blind date.

 

Past simple modal + be + -ing

 

Use past modal continuous when you are not sure if the subject is doing an action.

 

3.- Modal Perfect Continuous

 

3.1.- I could have been relaxing at home if I didn’t have to work today.

3.2.- They should have been doing their homework at the time that I called.

3.3.- He would have been working at that company if he hadn’t been laid off.

3.4.- You might have been thinking I was much older.

 

Modal verb + have been + -ing

 

Use perfect modal continuous talk about an ongoing situation that began in the past but continuous in the present in relation to speculation or deductions.

Review of the Modal Verbs of Speculation and Deeduction

Conversation video about the modal verbs of speculation and deduction

Which phrases with the modal verbs of speculation and deduction did you find in the video?

Collaborative Online Exercise about modal continuous

https://continuingstudies.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/410-modals-of-possibility-and-probability-with-continuous-tenses1

Individual Online Exercise about Modal Continuous: Answer the following questions using continuous modals.

1.  Where might you be living in the year 2030?

2.  What could you be doing next Saturday afternoon?

3.  What must most of the people in China be doing right now?

4.  What should all of the students in this class be thinking about now?

5.  When might the sun be shining continuously every day in Seattle?

6.  What could you be doing right now if you weren’t taking a lesson?

7.  What might your relatives be doing in your home country right now?

8.  What could you be doing if you were in your native country?

9.  What might you be doing at this time a year from now?

10.  What may your best friend be doing right now?

12.  How long must you be taking ESL classes?

13.  When could you be watching television?

14.  How long must you have been taking lessons today?

 Collaborative exercise 3 on page 77

Speculation or Possibility ------- Deduction or Probability

Speaking Assessment Rubric

Speaking Exam Task on page 77

9.4.- Dependent prepositions

Dependent Prepositions

Video trailer about the TV series Cosmos on Natgeo

Listening Exercise about Cosmos

https://www.topworksheets.com/t/FHYg812oxMg

Exercise 2 on page 76

https://wordwall.net/es/resource/81465402

The Latest iPhone: A Blend of Innovation and Elegance

 

The latest iPhone model, adjacent to perfection, brings new features that have technology enthusiasts buzzing. Renowned for its sleek design and advanced capabilities, this iPhone boasts a range of improvements in speed, camera quality, and durability. Positioned as a must-have device, it sits adjacent to luxury while aiming to make high-tech accessible to everyone.

 

For those who are constantly on the go, this iPhone is handy for its upgraded battery life and lightning-fast processing, ensuring seamless performance. Apple has made the phone receptive to user needs with customizable widgets, advanced security features, and a camera that captures stunning photos in any light. The enhanced user interface is designed to be intuitive, even for those who may feel a bit ignorant of complex technology.

 

However, not everyone is immediately receptive to the high price tag. Some consumers remain sceptical about whether the improvements justify the cost, while others are horrified by the repair expenses.

 

Despite mixed reactions, the new iPhone is undeniably impressive, with features that appeal to both tech lovers and casual users. As always, Apple’s latest creation continues to push boundaries, blending convenience and luxury in a single device.

Collaborative Exercise 2 on page 76

Individual Exercise 3 and Exam Task on page 76

Speaking practice about making a question to a classmate with one of the collocations seen in today's lesson.

for example, "What are you notorious for?"

https://wordwall.net/es/resource/81472296

9.2.- Grammar: Modal and semi-modal verbs

Think about an academic event you have ever taken part in including what it was about, what you did and learnt to share that information with the class.

Recording for the listening introductory exercise 'Getting ready for the annual science fair at school':

https://lasallecancun-my.sharepoint.com/:u:/g/personal/dc0519_lasallecancun_edu_mx/ESI40z6Tt-xEpy3WRuQ_JrkB712MWk4K81mYe1nuRWsRaw?nav=eyJyZWZlcnJhbEluZm8iOnsicmVmZXJyYWxBcHAiOiJTdHJlYW1XZWJBcHAiLCJyZWZlcnJhbFZpZXciOiJTaGFyZURpYWxvZy1MaW5rIiwicmVmZXJyYWxBcHBQbGF0Zm9ybSI6IldlYiIsInJlZmVycmFsTW9kZSI6InZpZXcifX0%3D&e=NOpbyw

 

Listening Exercise Worksheet 'Getting ready for the annual science fair at school':

https://www.topworksheets.com/t/1JZiZP7ud5H

Functions for Modal and Semi-modal Verbs:

1. Permission or request: can, could, may and be allowed to, e.g., May I go to the loo?
2. Ability: can, could, be able to and be capable of, e.g., I could rollerskate when I was 12.
3. Obligation: must and have to, e.g.,  You must listen to me.
4. Prohibition: mustn't and can't, e.g., You can't smoke indoors.
5. Lack of necessity or obligation: don't have to, didn't have to, needn't, didn't need to, and don't need to, e.g., You don't need to wear a uniform in college.
6. Advice: should, ought to, must, need to and could, e.g., If you have a headache, you should take an aspirin.
7. Possibility and probability or speculation or deduction: can, may. might, could, must, can't and mustn't, e.g., Nobody's at home, so Susan must be out.
8. Necessity: must, need to, and have to, e.g., You need to save some money if you want to buy a car.

What type of message is expressed in the sentences with modal verbs in the song extracts?

Video about Modal Verbs in some Song Extracts

Collaborative Online Exercise about Simple Modals and Semi-modals:

https://www.myenglishpages.com/grammar-exercise-modals/

Individual Online Exercise about Simple Modals and Semi-modals:

https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar-exercises/modal-verbs3.htm

Here is a list of most of fhe modals verbs with examples:

A past academic event analysis: 'My experience at the CELTA course in London'

What was it permitted?	What were you able to do?	Obligations	Restrictions
I could miss two lessons. I could... I was able to use the photocopier. I was able to...	I could give a full lesson in English. I was able to learn British slang. I could...	I had to stay at school after having done my teaching practice to get my feedback. I had to...	I could not speak in English with Spanish speakers. I could not...
Non-obligations	Advice	Possibility	Necessity
I did not have to wear a uniform. I did not have to...	They should have been more patient with non-Europeans. Subject + should have...	I could have worked harder. I could have...	I needed to carefully plan my lessons for my teaching practice. I needed to...

Design a similar chart in teams for an upcoming event at school.

Past Simple Modals and Semi-modals:

1.- Simple modals: could,  was/were able to, had to, didn't need to and didn't have to., e.g.,We could run fast when we were younger. 

2.- Perfect modal: might have + Past Participle, could 

have + Past Participle, can't have + Past Participle, should have + Past Participle, ought to have + Past Participle, need have + Past Participle and needn't have + Past Participle, e.g.,You should have studied for the final exam.

Modal and semi-modal verbs

Collaborative exercise 2 on page 73

Collaborative Online Exercise about Modal Verbs

https://www.myenglishpages.com/english/grammar-exercise-modals.php

Individual Online Exercise about Modal Verbs

https://www.english-4u.de/en/grammar-exercises/modal-verbs3.htm

Cindy: The English Teacher who has hated Chemistry since Secondary

Have you ever considered studying Chemistry as a degree? Why or why not?

This is the story of my friend Cindy who decided to become an English teacher as she used to hate Chemistry in secondary.

In those days, she had to go to the lab to do experiments. Unfortunately, she used to be really clumsy since she couldn't properly handle the equipment but she could speak English pretty well.

When she graduated from the faculty of Languages, she was offered to work for a bilingual well-known college (high school) in her town. Coincidentally, it was for teaching Chemistry in English, so she refused it. 

She could have accepted on condition that she must have taken a Chemistry course focused on lab experiments. However, she didn't do it because she thought that she might have broken some equipment during the training that could have been charged to her.

Personally speaking, I honestly think she should have accepted to be part of the staff at that prestigious school for later making a career move to another subject she could like.

Past Modals

Past Simple Modals

Perfect Modals

Collaborative Online Exercise about Perfect Modals

https://www.curso-ingles.com/en/practice/exercises/modal-perfects

Individual Online Exercise about Perfect Modals

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/could-have-should-have-would-have-exercise-1.html

Modal Verb forms

Perfect continuous form

must

should

could + have + been +Verb in -ing

may

Collaborative Online Exercise about Modal Continuous

https://phoneenglish.es/blog/2018/02/modal-continuous-modal-ing/

Individual Online Exercise about Modal Continuous

https://continuingstudies.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/410-modals-of-possibility-and-probability-with-continuous-tenses1/

Book exercises on page 73

Exercise about all modal forms

https://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal7.htm